Proentgenofile step three is short for the container plots for Place step 3
The typical rating are 1.478 on the plosive status, 1.forty-five from the fricative updates, 1.707 regarding the nose standing, and you can 1.942 about drinking water standing. A low area during the Dining table 3 summarises the outcomes regarding modelling from Lay 3. Brand new standard is actually brand new fricative updates, so we compared this new plosive against. fricative standards, the newest nasal compared to. fricative requirements, and h2o vs. fricative requirements. Very first, the essential difference between new plosive and you can fricative requirements wasn’t legitimate, just like the 95% CI on the coefficient imagine provided no [?0.06, 0.09]. Next, the fresh new nose vs. fricative and you can liquids versus. fricative contrasting revealed that all of the brand new coefficient estimates have been confident (? = 0.16) (nasal) and (? = 0.3) (liquid) and all of the newest 95% CIs did not are no ([0.09, 0.24] (nasal) and [0.23, 0.38] (liquid)), and so suggesting that nonce terminology which have nasals and h2o were judged to be far more kawaii brands as opposed to those having fricatives.
Talk
The current study indicated that (1) labial consonants are more likely to getting regarding the kawaii than coronal and you may dorsal consonants, (2) high-regularity consonants will end up being associated with kawaii than low-volume consonants, and you may (3) h2o /?/ and you will nasal /n/ are more inclined to getting associated with the kawaii than simply fricative /z/ (and you will plosive /d/). These efficiency suggest that the area-of-articulation function for the kawaii is [labial], in addition to frequency feature of the kawaii was [high frequency]. The way in which-of-articulation ability demands subsequent conversation. Given that consonant showing the highest mediocre rating try h2o /?/, we could think your trend-of-articulation ability in the kawaii try [liquid]. Yet not, because the Bayesian investigation showed, nasal /n/ is more apt to be associated with the kawaii than just fricative /z/. Ergo, we can ending one liquids and you may nasals, each of which are [sonorant], try regarding the kawaii.
Standard discussion
This study showed that the features of consonants associated with kawaii in Japanese are [labial], [high frequency], and [sonorant]. The motivations for the three features are briefly discussed below. The feature [labial] may be linked to a pouting gesture, that is, a gesture made using both lips can induce Japanese people to feel kawaii (Kumagai, 2020). The feature [labial] may also be linked to the image of babies, in that bilabial consonants are more frequent in the earlier phases of language acquisition (Kumagai and Kawahara, 2020). Thus, it can be said that consonants with feature [labial] can evoke the image of babies, at least in Japanese. The feature [high frequency] may stem from shortness, as the frequency code hypothesis states that high-frequency sounds are associated with smallness (Ohala, 1984, 1994). The feature [sonorant] may be connected to a number of observations on sound symbolic effects in names and shapes. Sonorants are better suited for female names or bulleted shapes (Shinohara and Kawahara, 2013; Asano et al., 2015). To summarise, the factors associated with kawaii may include pouting gesture, babyishness, smallness, femininity, and roundness. It is interesting that some of these factors overlap with the factors noted by Kinsella (1995) for cute characters. She noted that ‘The essential anatomy of a cute cartoon character consists in its being small, soft, infantile, mammalian, round, without bodily appendages (e.g., arms), without bodily orifices (e.g., mouths), non-sexual, mute, insecure, helpless or bewildered’. (p. 226; emphasis mine). Taking the fact into consideration that Kinsella (1995) was published more than 25 years ago, it is inferred that something that evokes kawaii in the minds of Japanese speakers has not changed for at least 25 years.
As noted in the introduction section, it is well known that sound symbolism plays an important role in ; Klink and Wu, 2014). The exploration of what consonants are better suited for kawaii names is an interesting topic. Based on the above discussion, it is inferred that the consonants that induce the feeling of kawaii among Japanese people include /p/, /?/, and /m/, as the first consonant /p/ is specified with [labial] and [high frequency], the second consonant /?/ with [sonorant], and the third consonant /m/ with [labial] and [sonorant]. Based on his kawaii judgment experiment with Japanese speakers, Kumagai (2019) discusses whether /m/, in addition to /p/, is another consonant expressive of kawaii in Japanese, since his study results demonstrated that fewest differences existed regarding average scores between nonce words with /p/ and those with /m/. In Japanese words or character names that seem https://kissbrides.com/sv/venezuelanska-brudar/ to be associated with kawaii, we find examples that contain /p/, /?/, or /m/. For example, a mimetic word, or onomatopoeia, purupuru, is used to express something soft or something that trembles like jelly. We also find a cute character name pomupomu purin ‘Pom Pom Purin’, created by Sanrio. Moreover, Kawahara (2019) reported that bilabial consonants and /?/ are often used in girls’ names in a popular Japanese anime PreCure, broadcast since 2004. It is expected that these consonants will prove applicable in naming anime characters or products that are characterised by kawaii.